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Sometimes, you may want to make a backup for long-term storage. Your goal is not to someday use the backup for restoring the database, but to use the backup to restore data as it appeared at the time of the backup. You may also do this to satisfy regulatory requirements. These types of backups are called archival backups, or long-term backups, which you can make on tape devices and store offsite. You can use the KEEP option with the BACKUP command to make long-term backups. The KEEP clause exempts a backup from the currently configured backup retention policy. The KEEP clause instructs RMAN to back up the datafiles, the control file, and the SPFILE. RMAN also generates an archived redo log backup automatically to help recover the database to a consistent state. You can also change an existing backup into an archival backup by using the CHANGE command. You can specify that a backup be kept indefinitely by specifying the KEEP FOREVER clause or limit the retention time by specifying the KEEP UNITL TIME clause with the BACKUP or CHANGE command. In the following example, I use an optional RESTORE POINT clause to indicate the SCN to which the database must be recovered in order for it to be consistent. This SCN is captured right after the datafile backups are made. RMAN will save this restore point as long as you keep the backup. Here are the steps to make a long-term archival backup. Connect to the target database and a recovery catalog. You ll need the recovery catalog connection only if you specify the KEEP FOREVER clause, but not for the KEEP clause. RUN { ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch1 DEVICE TYPE sbt PARMS 'ENV=(OB_MEDIA_FAMILY=archival_backup)'; BACKUP DATABASE TAG quarterly KEEP FOREVER RESTORE POINT FY08Q2; }

This code generates a backup of all the datafiles and the archived logs and also creates a restore point to which to restore the database. The KEEP FOREVER clause will save the backup indefinitely. If you want to save a backup for a limited amount of time instead, you can do so by specifying the KEEP UNTIL TIME clause instead of the KEEP FOREVER clause, as shown here: RUN { ALLOCATE CHANNEL ch1 DEVICE TYPE sbt PARMS 'ENV=(OB_MEDIA_FAMILY=archival_backup)'; BACKUP DATABASE TAG quarterly KEEP UNTIL TIME 'SYSDATE+365' RESTORE POINT FY08Q2; } This code will keep the backup for 365 days, after which the backup becomes obsolete and thus eligible for deletion.

Remember that extents are the units of space allocation when you create tables and indexes in tablespaces. Here is how Oracle determines extent sizing and extent allocation when you create tablespaces:

Figure 7-44. A bus carrying two signals routed to the same input pin If you look only at W3 in Figure 7-44, you can t tell that the FileExit signal comes from multiple sources. To clarify that an incoming signal has multiple senders, you can draw multiple signals exiting the bus. At the bus exit point, each signal is labeled with the ID of the sender, as shown in Figure 7-45.

The default number of extents is 1 You can override it by specifying MINEXTENTS during tablespace creation You don t have to provide a value to the MAXEXTENTS parameter when you use locally managed tablespaces Under locally managed tablespaces, the MAXEXTENTS parameter is set to UNLIMITED, and you don t have to configure it at all If you choose UNIFORM extent size, the size of all extents, including the first, will be determined by the extent size you choose Three examples of tablespace creation with various specifications for extent management are shown in Listings 6-1 through 6-3, and in the queries that follow the creation statements, you ll see the following headings: Initial extent: This storage parameter determines the initial amount of space that is allocated to any object you create in this tablespace.