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When you have very large SGAs, it can sometimes take a considerable amount of time for the instance to start. Oracle traditionally used to wait for the initialization of the entire buffer cache before starting the instance, which accounted for most of the delay. Oracle initializes only about 10 percent of the buffer cache before starting up the instance and opening the database. The remaining buffer cache is initialized by the checkpoint process after the database is opened.

Unlike crash and instance recovery, media recovery isn t automatic the DBA has to initiate the recovery process. You need the following four items to perform a complete media recovery: A full backup of all datafiles Archived redo logs since the last full backup A control file copy Current online redo logs Oracle media recovery ensures the recovery of up-to-the-minute data, provided you have a copy of a recent backup and archived redo logs. The archived logs are transaction journals, and they contain the complete set of changes made to the database since the last backup. By using the archived redo logs and contents of the online redo logs, you can bring your database up to date. You ll see quite a bit of discussion on recovering databases from a media failure in this chapter.

Before you can begin a complete media recovery, you must take the datafiles to be recovered offline. You can drop a datafile directly from SQL*Plus with the DROP DATAFILE command. When you issue this command, the datafile is removed both from the tablespace and the operating system as well. Here s an example: SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE TEST DROP DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/test/test01.dbf'; If the datafile you d like to drop is the only datafile in a tablespace, you must drop the tablespace itself. The tablespace in which the datafile resides must also be online and read-write.

Figure 3-39. A depth-first system using multicast notifications Figure 3-40 shows the timing sequence.

Using backed-up copies of datafiles and control files to replace lost or damaged datafiles and control files is called restoring. Bringing the datafiles up to date using backed-up datafiles and archived redo log files is called recovery.

There are two steps in an Oracle media recovery process: first you restore a backup of the datafiles and make them available to Oracle. Then comes the recovery, when you bring the datafiles up to date by applying the archived redo log files and the online redo log files. The recovery process itself has two steps: Cache recovery (rolling forward): The redo log contains both committed and uncommitted changes. As you know, Oracle writes to the redo log first and the datafiles later. When you restore older files from backups to replace lost or damaged datafiles, those files are missing all the changes made since the time of the backup. The process of applying the contents of both the archived and redo log files to bring the datafiles up to date is called cache recovery or rolling forward. Once you complete cache recovery, you will have gained all your committed changes, but unfortunately, you ll also have all the uncommitted changes that are part of the redo log. Transaction recovery (rolling back): During the application of the redo log data to the datafiles, both committed and uncommitted changes get applied. The uncommitted changes must now be removed from the datafiles. Oracle uses the prechange versions of data stored in the undo segments to remove these uncommitted changes. This second step is called transaction recovery or rolling back. Oracle gets the undo data through cache recovery, which regenerates the undo segments from the redo log.

If you use RMAN, you can recover your datafiles with incremental backups, which are backups that contain only the changes after a previous backup. 15 explains RMAN incremental backups in detail.

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