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It s important to remember that a database failure or even a disaster need not involve the entire database. Users can continue to work away on most parts of the database while another part is being repaired with the help of backups. Open recovery is recovery performed while the database is open to users. Only the affected datafiles or tablespaces are taken offline for recovery. You can continue to run the database as usual, with service being interrupted only for those transactions that involve the damaged part of the database. A closed recovery is a recovery for which you need to shut down the database completely. You ll need to use closed recovery when your entire database needs to be recovered or when your system or rollback (undo) datafiles are damaged.

The time it will take you to perform a recovery depends on the following factors: On what media do you have your archived redo logs If the logs are all on tape, it will take much longer to perform the recovery than if they re on disk. It s a good idea to keep an extra copy of the logs on disk somewhere. Are you using the parallel recovery feature Parallel recovery, when it can be implemented, will reduce the time needed to recover the database. Do you need to replace the disks right away, or can you get away with just moving the datafiles to a different good location What s your service contract for replacement and repair of parts on the server Some companies have a response time as short as 45 minutes from the initial call. Some may have a 24-hour turnaround. Make sure you know and understand the implications of your company s service contract with the vendor of your system. How frequently do you perform backups The more infrequently you perform backups, the more logs need to be applied, and the longer the recovery time.

Figure 3-40. The sequence of depth-first delivery with multicast notifications C receives the notification n2 before n1.2, because A blocks after sending n1.1. While A is blocked, B sends the notification n2 to C, making n1.2 and n2 reach C in noncausal order. Even though depth-first delivery doesn t preserve causal order, it is used widely because it is easy to implement and reliable: The delivery order is fixed and guaranteed. The order is not a function of the delivery latency time. The only implementation requirement to support depth-first delivery is this: When sending a notification, the sender must block until the receiver has finished handling the notification.

If you have a disk go bad on you, and you consequently have to restore and recover from backups, naturally your goal will be a full recovery up to the time the problem occurred. On the other hand, if you re recovering your database due to user errors (such as incorrect data entry), your goal may be to remove the errors from your database by recovering only up to the point when the incorrect activity began. This is typically called incomplete recovery, and as you ll see later on, you make the decision about exactly when to stop recovering the database based on different criteria. Complete recovery simply means a recovery with no loss of data. All the changes in the online and archived redo logs are applied to the most recent backup of the database. Thus, the database is brought up to date with the current point in time. You can perform a complete recovery at the database, tablespace, or datafile level. Incomplete recovery implies data loss, because you recover only part of the data that existed when the database failure occurred. That is, you apply only some of the archived and current log records to the database. Your database after recovery is consistent, but it s not an up-to-date version. You could have several reasons for wanting to do an incomplete recovery, including user error, loss